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Passive sampling of polar organic pollutants from water
Vítková, Libuše ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
This thesis deals with the passive sampling of polar compounds from water using passive samplers POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler). These devices were exposed for 4 weeks in the waste water at the inflow of municipal waste water treatment plant in Brno – Modřice, and also at the outflow of the treated water. After exposition sequestered compounds were released by extraction with a mixture of methanol, toluene and dichlormethane. Extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Further, methylated and trimethylsilylated extracts were analysed by orthogonal comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Separated compounds were identified on the base of their retention and mass spectra.
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Monitoring of the pharmaceuticals and pesticides occurrence in the upper part of Blanice river using passive sampling approach
VLK, Pavel
The goal of this thesis was to determine the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and pesticides at the upper part of Blanice river. The spring of the river is located in the Military area Boletice. In this area is minimal incidence of people and minimal land use. It was assumed minimum level of pollution at this part of the monitored area. Higher pollution level was supposed in the downstream part of the monitored area relating to higher population density and agriculture. POCIS passive samplers were used for collecting samples. Analysis were performed by liquid chromatography. There were 201 substances (127 pharmaceuticals, 74 pesticides). The concentrations of 27 substances (18 pharmaceuticals, 9 pesticides) were above the limit of quantification. The lowest level of pollution was found at Spalenec site with total pharmaceuticals and pesticides concentration 83.9 ng. POCIS-1. The highest level of contamination was found at the site Černý stream - 618.9 ng. POCIS-1. However this is only a small stream. The second highest contamination was found in the Rechle site close to the inlet to Husinec drinking water reservoir. Total level of pharmaceuticals and pesticides at this site was amounted to 482 ng. POCIS-1. In the upper part of the monitored catchment area is relatively low level of settelment and use of landscape. There is also low level of pharmaceuticals and pesticides pollution. At the Řepešín mill is forestry landscape changing to agricultural landscape and number of inhabitant is rising up. From this site pollution increases considerably in the landscape. This effect was then reflected in our results. Some substances in the environment change its chemical properties and become persistent. Therefore they are present in the landscape long time after their prohibition for using (e.g. hexazinone, DEET). The Husinec water reservoir reduces the amount of contaminants in the water of Blanice river. This effect was more pronounced for pharmaceuticals than pesticides.
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Estimation of exposure index for surface ozone AOT40 from diffusive sampler measurements
Pavlíková, Monika ; Hůnová, Iva (advisor) ; Matoušková, Leona (referee)
The study summerizes methods of ozone AOT40 index estimation from time intergarated passive sampler measurements in forests. Ground-level ozone is a highly phytotoxic atmospheric pollutant. In recent years negative impacts of elevated concentrations of ground-level ozone on vegetation and ecosystems have been studied and atmospheric levels of ozone have been measured. There is a noticeable negative impact of elevated concentrations of ground-level ozone on forests in the Czech Republic, mainly in rural areas that are far away from the emission sources. The AOT40F exposure index is a tool to assess the geographical areas with vegetation potentially at risk due to elevated ground-level ozone concentrations. The AOT40 index is the accumulated hourly exposure during daytime hours above cut-off concentration of 40 ppb, during the growing season. Passive samplers are used for measuring ground-level ozone in high spatial resolution. Passive samplers are easy to use. However this metod provides time intergrated values of pollutant concentrations (1-2 weeks). It is not possible to estimate AOT40 index by using just data of mean ozone concentrations over the sampling period. Three methods were used to estimate the exposure index AOT40F for forests by mean ozone concentrations measured in the Jizerské Hory...
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Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs in aquatic ecosystem of the Yangtze River. Comparison of data from passive samplers SPMD with the literature.
HEMERKOVÁ, Kristýna
The aim of this study was to process results of the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in SPMD samplers and to compare obtained data with published data sampled the same way. The devices were deployed for 10 days at sampling sites in the middle part of the Yangtze River in august 2013. Instrumental analysis was based on GC-MS/MS method. Time weighted average concentrations of PAHs were calculated using performance reference compounds (PRC) approach. In the area of interest, freely dissolved concentrations of PAHs in water ranged from 7.5 to 31 ng×l-1. The detected concentrations were in the same range or even lower compared to other European rivers probably because of dilution. Domination of 2-3 rings indicated fresh inputs of pollution. By applying diagnostic ratios of certain PAHs, identification of possible sources was performed. These ratios were generally inclined towards pyrogenic sources of pollution by PAHs in all study sites except Jiang Li where these ratios indicated mixture of both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources.
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Passive sampling of polar organic pollutants from water
Vítková, Libuše ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
This thesis deals with the passive sampling of polar compounds from water using passive samplers POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler). These devices were exposed for 4 weeks in the waste water at the inflow of municipal waste water treatment plant in Brno – Modřice, and also at the outflow of the treated water. After exposition sequestered compounds were released by extraction with a mixture of methanol, toluene and dichlormethane. Extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Further, methylated and trimethylsilylated extracts were analysed by orthogonal comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Separated compounds were identified on the base of their retention and mass spectra.
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Passive sampling of organic pollutants in the environment
Čáslavský, Josef ; Kotlaříková, Pavla
Methods of passive sampling of persistant organic pollutants in the environment are reviewed, as well as the most often used types of passive sampler: devices for solid phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), polymer-coated glass (POG), polyurethan air sampler (PUF), passive air sampler with sorbent, ceramic dosimeter, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs).
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Sampling of persistent organic compounds using SPMDs: Advantages and disadvantages
Čáslavský, Josef ; Kotlaříková, Pavla ; Benešová, Karolína ; Doškářová, Š. ; Hamrusová, M.
Passive sampling methods gain more and more popularity for the sampling of persistent organic pollutants in the environment, including air. These passive samplers are substantially cheaper than standard active sampling methods, their deployment is simpler, they don't need electricity, thus they can be deployed even in very distant regions. They offer an itegrative response, therefore these samplers are especially suitable for monitoriong purposes. For quantitative evaluation it is necessary to establish the values of sampling rates for individual compounds. In the presented study these values for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were evaluated from the comparison of the results of passive sampling using SPMDs and standard active sampling method.
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